Author Archives: Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

About Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

I started as a field Veterinary officer with Borno State Ministry of Agriculture and later joined College of Agric, Maiduguri as a lecture & a Researcher in the Department of Animal Health & Production. I was appointed the Provost of the College In 2003. In 2007 I was appointed Hon. Commissioner & Member Borno State Executive Council and later appointed Permanent Secretary with the Borno State Civil Service in 2009. I was the National Facilitator Animal Health, National Programme For Food Security of the Federal Ministry of Agric & Rural Development, Abuja. I was Director, Veterinary Medicine & Allied Products (VMAP) and now Director North East Zone NAFDAC. I’m a member of the National Institute’ (mni), Kuru SEC 40, 2018. I engaged myself in various aspects of the veterinary profession. I founded Sril Group Ltd, Nigeria.

Nigerian Agriculture Minister, Sen Kyari calls for Amendment for Agric Agency Act for alignment of Policy trust of Government Food Security: Agric Ministers, Kyari, Abdullahi, Meet Senate Committee. …..Senator Kyari Calls For Amendment To Agric Agencies’ Acts For Policy Alignment The Honourable Ministers of Agriculture and Food Security, Senator Abubakar Kyari, CON, and his colleague, the Honorable Minister of State for Agriculture and Food Security, Senator Sabi Abdullahi, CON, honored an invite to participate in an interactive session held at the National Assembly Complex by the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Production Services, and Rural Development. In the session chaired by the Senate Committee Chairman, Senator Saliu Mustapha, he said harped on recognizing that the NASS committee and the Federal Ministry are all stakeholders in the agricultural sector, and that the nation relies on all stakeholders to provide the necessary support for enhancing agricultural production, the largest employer of labor in our nation. “Agriculture stands as the cornerstone of our economy, maintaining its significance as the driving force behind the national economy.” “Ensuring food security for our citizens is imperative for Nigeria’s survival, with a majority residing in rural areas and predominantly engaged in farming for their livelihoods. As active participants in this crucial sector, we must not falter in meeting their expectations. The committee members acknowledge the weighty responsibility on our shoulders and are dedicated to ensuring the full implementation of policies and legislation. This interactive meeting is pivotal to assess our current position, determine our standing, and plan for the future. With your cooperation, and by the grace of the Almighty, we aim to act in the best interest of our nation and the livelihoods depending on this sector. Distinguished Senators, honorable ministers, heads of agencies, and parastatals, I extend a warm welcome and anticipate a harmonious working relationship. The interactive session is hereby called to order, with the minister leading the proceedings.” Taking his turn to speak at the event, the Honourable Minister of Agric and Food Security, Sen. Abubakar Kyari, CON, opened the floor, “Honourable members, I confidently distinguish my colleagues, including my esteemed brother, the Honorable Minister of State, who was also a member of the 8th and 9th Senate. I extend our gratitude for the invitation from Mr. Chairman and the warm reception within these walls. Today, we gather to discuss the critical issue of agriculture, a topic that warrants more time than a day or two due to the multitude of challenges it faces.” “Notably, on July 13th, 2023, President Bola Ahmed Tinubu declared a food security emergency, leading to the renaming of the ministry from Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development to Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. Our nation is currently grappling with threats to food security, primarily stemming from conflicts and climate change.” “Agriculture in Nigeria confronts two major challenges: conflict and climate change. The safety of our farmers, predominantly residing in rural areas as smallholders, is jeopardized by insurgency and kidnapping. Moreover, climate change introduces unpredictable weather patterns, such as heavy rainfall causing flooding or disrupting traditional planting practices. Another pressing issue is the lack of inclusion, with smallholder farmers struggling to access essential resources like inputs, finance, and capital. Fortunately, institutions like the Bank of Agriculture and the National Agriculture Development Fund, established through recent legislation, aim to address these inclusion gaps.” “President Ahmed Bola Tinubu’s 8-point agenda outlines crucial focus areas, including food security, job creation, economic growth, inclusion of women and youth, poverty eradication, and access to capital. To tackle immediate challenges, our programs for dry season farming, supported by the African Development Bank, aim to cultivate significant hectares of wheat, maize, rice, and cassava. This initiative not only addresses food insecurity but also promotes self-sufficiency. Mechanization becomes a pivotal aspect, urging us to embrace technology and innovation to maximize yield in our shrinking arable land.” “As we navigate these challenges, the National Assembly’s support, exemplified by the supplementary budget, plays a vital role in realizing our objectives.” The Senate Committee Chairman, Senator Salihu Mustapha, queries the relationship between the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security and agencies like NIRSAL and NALDA, emphasizing the need for collaboration to enhance food security. He points out that these newly created agencies, though external to the Ministry, play a significant role that intertwines with its functions. In response, the Honourable Minister of Agriculture. Senator Abubakar Kyari, revealed a lack of cooperation between NIRSAL, the CBN, and the then Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. He highlighted the plans for a meeting between the Managing Director of NIRSAL and himself, expressing optimism about fostering mutual cooperation. Additionally, the Executive Secretary of NALDA’s role in achieving food security is acknowledged, but concerns were raised about the agency’s efficiency in land preparation, vital for cultivating the substantial untapped arable land. Solidifying Senator Kyari’s position, his colleague, the Honourable Minister of State for Agriculture and Food Security, Senator Sabi Abdullahi, CON, emphasized the collective interest in ensuring alignment between NALDA’s programs and the Ministry’s objectives. He pointed out that despite NALDA reporting to the Presidency, it was ceded to the Ministry for supervision. Senator Abdullahi urges the committee to review the NALDA act promptly, given the declared food security emergency, to align the agency’s programs with the Ministry’s goals and enhance overall efficiency in the agricultural sector.

Posted on 18/11/2023 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni
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5 sustainable agriculture practices for long-term success

Posted on 02/09/2023 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Implementing sustainable practices aimed at sequestering carbon, or carbon farming, can help farmers and ranchers increase their bottom line while … 5 sustainable agriculture practices for long-term success

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Community Agriculture Alliance: Can land management principals to avoid desertification be applied here?

Posted on 02/09/2023 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Lyn HallidayCommunity Agriculture Alliance – https://www.steamboatpilot.com/opinion/guest-commentary/community-agriculture-alliance-can-land-… Community Agriculture Alliance: Can land management principals to avoid desertification be applied here?

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Kitchen gardens to alleviate hunger and malnutrition

Posted on 01/07/2023 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

PROF. DR. WILLEM VAN COTTHEM Nutritional deficiencies in the Third World affect the daily life of almost all the poor, most of whom suffer from … Kitchen gardens to alleviate hunger and malnutrition

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The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World

Posted on 01/07/2023 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

By David Braughton In September, 2015, United Nations members participating in a summit on sustainable development adopted a bold and far-reaching … The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World

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THE UNIVERSAL SOLUTION for alleviating #malnutrition and #hunger

Posted on 01/07/2023 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Utilizing flower beds and pots to grow vegetables and to some extends fruits can be a very effective means of enhancing nutritional security of the family. by Prof. Dr. Willem VAN COTTHEM (Ghent University, Belgium) Here is MY UNIVERSAL SOLUTION … Continue reading →

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Internship: Governing food sharing in Utrecht

Posted on 23/06/2023 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on Rural Sociology Wageningen University:
We are looking for a research intern to conduct scientific research on food sharing and governance in the Municipality of Utrecht as part of the EU-funded project CULTIVATE. Knowledge of Dutch and experience…

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Tax Break for Agric-Investor in Nigeria

Posted on 09/06/2023 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

“FG approves five-year tax break for agric investors” FG approves five-year tax break for agric investors The Federal Government has approved new incentives for investors in the agricultural sector to improve high-level private sector participation in the nation’s food production … Continue reading →

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Enhancing digital education to empower coffee professionals at origin 

Posted on 18/05/2023 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on The GFAiR Blog:
by GFAR How can digital education empower coffee professionals at origin and transform the industry, considering the challenges posed by outdated data collection methods and the limited implementation of digital tools? Gersón Solórzano, a…

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“Could we feed ourselves like the apes do?

Posted on 22/03/2023 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Prof. Dr. Willem VAN COTTHEM (Ghent University, Belgium) In many nature documentaries about the tropics, I see that apes feed on leaves from various … “Could we feed ourselves like the apes do?

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Small-scale family farming in changing food systems

Posted on 04/06/2022 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on The GFAiR Blog:
By Sophia Amoah (Knowledge Management Intern, FARA, Ghana) A picture depiction of a small farmer family. Photo Credit: Brand Spur FAO defines family farming as: “a means of organizing agricultural, forestry, fisheries, pastoral, and…

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75th Anniversary: 58) Research at the Rural Sociology Group: Agrarian Movements and Transitions in the Global South

Posted on 19/04/2022 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on Rural Sociology Wageningen University:
Lisette Nikol, PhD candidate at the Rural Sociology Group How do small farmers in the Global South secure their livelihoods? How do capitalist dynamics and agrarian movements striving for alternatives shape these livelihoods?…

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An Unbreakable Connection with the Beloved Camel

Posted on 19/04/2022 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni
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Invest strategically in wind and solar farms in Africa, says Oxford study

Posted on 27/01/2022 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

A sustainable future for Africa can be achieved through strategic investment in wind and solar farms, reveals an Africa-wide study from the … Invest strategically in wind and solar farms in Africa, says Oxford study “Investments in the continent must … Continue reading →

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CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health publishes 2020 annual report

Posted on 07/01/2022 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

The CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH) published its 2020 annual report on activities and accomplishments from its… CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health publishes 2020 annual report

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A food security agent for the camels in the desert

Posted on 19/12/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni
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Question Asked~ What is the Concept of Small-Scaled Livestock Production Syetems?

Posted on 07/11/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

“There are two main types of small-scaled livestock farming, i.e. 1. owing agricultural land (2-20 acre) 2. landless farmers But pastoralists/nomads cannot be categorized in this small scaled farming group. They are very specialized professionals and move with their livestock … Continue reading →

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Camel is a real nature based solution for food security in in the arid regions of the world

Posted on 05/11/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni
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Critical pillars necessary for sustainable investment in Agriculture and Agri-business identified!

Posted on 26/10/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

The five critical pillars has been identified and proposed by #afdb as the new approach to investing in agriculture and agri-business. These are; 1. Scaling up of proven climate-adapted, science-based production and other technologies; 2. Creating an enabling environment for … Continue reading →

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Transforming the food system? Let’s talk finance.

Posted on 18/09/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on The GFAiR Blog:
Blog post by Glindys Virginia Luciano, Network Engagement Coordinator, Young Professionals for Agricultural Development (YPARD) & Genna Tesdall, YPARD Director In the last several years, dialogue around safe and nutritious food has evolved from…

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New series #RiseofAgriculture tells the stories behind Trinidad and Tobago’s agriculture sector

Posted on 27/08/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on The GFAiR Blog:
By Deston Pope and Keron Bascombe, Tech4Agri Deston Pope shoots footage on location for a site visit to a farm in Tabaquite, South Trinidad. “In today’s world, the words ‘vaccine’ and ‘economy’ including the…

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Reeling in economic opportunities for Africa’s youth

Posted on 20/08/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on The GFAiR Blog:
By Indika Arulingam, Research Officer, International Water Management Institute and Shakuntala Thilsted, Global Lead for Nutrition and Public Health, WorldFish Tilapia fingerlings being bought at aquaculture ponds in Kitwe, Zambia. Credit: D.Huso/WorldFish Governments knew…

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Camel milk lactoferrin against bacterial infections

Posted on 14/07/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

“Its sceintifically proved that milk lactoferrin inhibits the growth of some pathogenic strains in humans and/or animals such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus spp., Vibrio cholerae, Legionella pneumophila, Klebsiella pneumophila, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus … Continue reading →

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Fermented Camel Milk (Shubat)

Posted on 10/07/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

It is commonly called “chukuwe” along Yobe Borno axis of North East Nigeria 🇳🇬

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Camel milk- A Natural Compound against the Liver Diseases

Posted on 09/07/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni
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ILRI research generates evidence for better prevention and control of zoonotic diseases

Posted on 06/07/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

To mark this year’s World Zoonoses Day (6 July), we highlight ILRI’s research expertise, projects and recent peer-reviewed publications on zoonoses. ILRI research generates evidence for better prevention and control of zoonotic diseases

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New digital tools to support African farmers created at INSPIRE Hackathons

Posted on 30/06/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on The GFAiR Blog:
By Karel Charvat, WirelessInfo and Hana Kubickova, Plan4all Since 2016, the INSPIRE Hackathon organized by Plan4all has served as a collaborative event for developers, researchers, designers and others interested in open data, volunteered geographic…

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We Need to Produce Milk and Meat and other Products in Tune with Nature

Posted on 25/06/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni
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Why do we need to Support Camels and their Herders?

Posted on 22/06/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni
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Borno’s Journey in two years By Prof Babagana Umara Zulum mni, FNSE the Executive Governor of Borno State Nigeria.

Posted on 12/06/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Fellow citizens, It has been two years since we took the oath of office, following the overwhelming mandate you, the good people of Borno State, entrusted in us during the 2019 democratic transition. In these two years, we have together, … Continue reading →

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Survey on Milk Preference. A preliminary Report

Posted on 01/06/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni
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Camel Milk and the Food Allergies

Posted on 01/06/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni
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Unique Benefits of Camel Milk

Posted on 23/04/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni
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Camel milk and cardiovascular diseases

Posted on 23/04/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

….the major pathway seems to be prevention of reabsorption of cholesterol…

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New review provides framework for studying food systems to address food safety and nutrition

Posted on 20/04/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

A new review paper calls for improved food systems analysis to address food safety and nutrition in low- and middle-income countries. New review provides framework for studying food systems to address food safety and nutrition

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Experts call for increased investment in One Health to reduce the burden of neglected zoonoses

Posted on 13/04/2021 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on AgHealth:
One Health is a concept that recognizes that the health of people is linked to the health of animals and their shared environment. A One Health approach in preventing and controlling diseases therefore involves the collaborative…

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Experts review policy innovation to improve milk safety in informal markets

Posted on 12/10/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on AgHealth:
A new research report (Oct 2020) by scientists from the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) reviews the status and policy contexts of informal milk markets in Kenya,…

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Thesis opportunities | Foodscapes in times of uncertainty

Posted on 15/09/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on Rural Sociology Wageningen University:
The CSPS Foodscapes cluster is looking for BSc and MSc students interested in researching emerging foodscapes in times of uncertainty.?? Covid-19 has displayed many of the vulnerabilities and externalities of our current corporate…

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7 Points that Convince you of Consuming the Camel Milk

Posted on 15/09/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

The awareness and sensitivity are increasing about the different food items among the people. The people are turning from junk to the real and natural food. The camel milk (CaM) is one of the important natural foods, enriched with super … Continue reading →

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The Best Probiotic? Fruits and Vegetables. – The Atlantic

Posted on 15/09/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

The Best Probiotics An apple contains about 100 million bacteria—a more diverse range than any dietary supplement. JAMES HAMBLIN AUG 7, 2019 CHARLES PLATIAU / REUTERS In April, researchers at Tufts University posed a nutrition riddle. They compared people who took vitamin … Continue reading →

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Camel Milk Provides Healthier Gut Microbiome

Posted on 15/09/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Where our Immune System is Generated? A strong and healthy immune system is now more critical than ever because of ever-increasing infections in our surroundings. There are many reasons for the widespread infections, mostly because of climate change. So need … Continue reading →

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Lessons on tackling the growing risk of emerging infectious diseases in Africa

Posted on 07/07/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on AgHealth:
As part of a special COVID-19 series by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Bernard Bett and Delia Randolph of the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and John McDermott of IFPRI write on the growing…

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Food Security and Nutrition: Building a global narrative towards 2030 (NEW REPORT)

Posted on 06/07/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on Food Governance:
The latest report of the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition has just been released. Key messages from the Report are: i. There is an urgent need for strengthening and…

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Why the Camel Milk is Anti-Infectious or Immunity Booster?

Posted on 05/07/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni
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New study sheds light on early intensification of smallholder backyard poultry farming systems

Posted on 30/06/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on AgHealth:
Poultry production is an important contributor to the livelihoods of rural populations, especially in low- and middle-income countries. As poultry production in these countries remains dominated by backyard systems with low inputs and low outputs, considerable…

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Camel Milk and Addition of New Products to the Dairy Industry

Posted on 29/06/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Camel milk, in particular, is a very unique and healthy product with especially anti-allergic and anti-diabetic effects. Several studies have shown that camel milk has some therapeutic potential in both type-1 and type-2 Diabetes mellitus. – Dr Raziq via Camel … Continue reading →

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Camel Milk Protein Posses Bioactive Peptides

Posted on 23/06/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on Natural Health with the Camel Milk:
A medicine for Oxidative Stress Releated Diseases Understanding about camel milk is increasing and the latest studies are coming with very appealing results. A study about the milk proteins (Casein and…

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Food safety: How can consumers make a difference?

Posted on 08/06/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

A food safety project in Ethiopia is exploring how consumer demand can contribute towards improving food safety in the country’s informal markets. Food safety: How can consumers make a difference?

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Food safety: How can consumers make a difference?

Posted on 08/06/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

A food safety project in Ethiopia is exploring how consumer demand can contribute towards improving food safety in the country’s informal markets. Food safety: How can consumers make a difference?

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Food safety: How can consumers make a difference?

Posted on 07/06/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on AgHealth:
African food systems are dominated by informal markets, typically open-air markets found at designated sites and street corners, which often have poor hygiene and are subject to limited or poor regulation. Occasionally there are calls for…

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EU Farm to Fork Strategy: Collective response from food sovereignty scholars

Posted on 07/06/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on Food Governance:
On 20 May 2020 the European Commission (EC) released its new Farm to Fork (F2F) Strategy for a fair, healthy and environmentally-friendly food system. As scholars committed to supporting sustainable food system transformation, we commend…

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EU Farm to Fork Strategy: Collective response from food sovereignty scholarsby foodgovernance

Posted on 07/06/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

https://widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20190321# Despite the fact that “F2F Strategy does not go far enough to ensuring diverse, sustainable and just food systems for all in the EU” According to Retallack (2013) “Emerging evidence indicates that holistic management, aligned with agroecological principles, has … Continue reading →

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How planting a garden can boost bees, local food and resilience during the coronavirus crisis… #Covid19 #nutritionalsecurity

Posted on 29/05/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

With the arrival of spring, many people have been starting to think about how COVID-19 will impact the affordability and availability of fruits and vegetables in coming months, as shortages of both honeybees and migrant workers threaten crop pollination and the food that comes … Continue reading →

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EU Proposes 2030 Goal to Reduce Pesticide Use by 50% and Increase Arable Land in Organic Production by At Least 17%

Posted on 29/05/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

(Beyond Pesticides, May 26, 2020) Across the pond, the European Commission (EC) has announced plans to protect biodiversity and build a more sustainable food system, and identified the reduction of pesticide use  and the expansion of organic agriculture as pillars of the scheme. … Continue reading →

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#Covid19: Deaths and Infections by Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) will continue to be LOW in Africa by Prof Marte

Posted on 27/05/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Contrary to the projections of World Health Organization (WHO) and Western Countries, Africa will not be devastated by COVID-19. The testing levels in Africa are far below those in Europe and USA which may be responsible for the low incidences. … Continue reading →

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The FG €995m Agric MECHANISATION Facility To Help Nigeria Attained Food Security And Diversify Economy

Posted on 21/05/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Reduction of #PostHarvestLoss and Farmer education should take center stage of any form of sustainable investment in Agriculture “This is meant to tackle the primary issues of post-harvest losses commonly suffered by smallholder farmers as well as to domesticate efficient … Continue reading →

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The relevance of agroecology, territorial solidarity and the right to food for the EU Farm to Fork Strategy

Posted on 16/05/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on Food Governance:
On 14 May, the Nyéléni Food Sovereignty Movement in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) sent a letter to the Executive vice president of the European Commission (EC), Franz Timmermans, who is leading the European Green…

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How unintended consequences unraveled a legendary agricultural achievement

Posted on 22/04/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on DESERTIFICATION:
THE WASHINGTON POST – By Erin Blakemore – April 18, 2020 – https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/how-unintended-consequences-unraveled-a-legendary-agricultural-achievement/2020/04/17/b62f0f04-7ff0-11ea-8013-1b6da0e4a2b7_story.html In the 1960s and 1970s, a single farm scientist became a public hero, credited with ending famine in much of the developing world. Norman Borlaug’s…

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Comparisons of organic and conventional agriculture need improvement, say researchers

Posted on 20/03/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on DESERTIFICATION:
Phys. Org. – MARCH 18, 2020 – by Chalmers University of Technology – https://phys.org/news/2020-03-comparisons-conventional-agriculture.html The environmental effects of agriculture and food are hotly debated. But the most widely used method of analysis often tends to overlook vital…

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Access to water and improved water use efficiency are essential to reduce the vulnerability of rural communities to climate shocks in West Africa

Posted on 18/03/2020 by Dr. Bukar USMAN, mni

Originally posted on DESERTIFICATION:
Water scarcity is one of the major challenges of the 21st century and drylands are the most affected, including West Africa. By News Ghana – Nov 4, 2019https://www.newsghana.com.gh/access-to-water-and-improved-water-use-efficiency-are-essential-to-reduce-the-vulnerability-of-rural-communities-to-climate-shocks-in-west-africa/ Dirty Water West Africa and the Sahel region is…

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